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It is compartmentalized by a highly vascularized webbing comprising of ediculae and inter-edicular septa lined with epithelium acting as a gas exchange surface analogous to a lung. The deflated gas bladder runs the length of the coelomic cavity, and encompasses the kidneys (0.35% BV). Segmentation of advanced imaging data allowed for creation of anatomically accurate and quantitative 3D models of organs and their spatial relationships. These changes were evaluated using magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging, gross necropsy, and histology to create a comprehensive morphological assessment of this unique fish. As obligatory air-breathers, arapaima have undergone extensive anatomical and physiological adaptations in almost every organ system.

Their respiratory gas bladder is arguably the most striking of all the adaptations to living in the hypoxic waters of the Amazon basin, in which dissolved oxygen can reach 0 ppm (0 mg/l) at night. The arapaima is the largest of the extant air-breathing freshwater fishes.